The MS-DOS 7  External Commands
(Programs in the Windir\COMMAND folder)

  attrib.exe      (File) Attributes
--------
Displays or changes file attributes.

ATTRIB 
 [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S]

  +   Sets an attribute.
  -   Clears an attribute.
  R   Read-only file attribute.
  A   Archive file attribute.
  S   System file attribute.
  H   Hidden file attribute.
  /S  Processes files in all directories in the specified path.


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  choice.com      (Used in BATCH files)
--------
Waits for the user to choose one of a set of choices.

CHOICE [/C[:]choices] [/N] [/S] [/T[:]c,nn] [text]

/C[:]choices Specifies allowable keys. Default is YN
/N           Do not display choices and ? at end of prompt string.
/S           Treat choice keys as case sensitive.
/T[:]c,nn    Default choice to c after nn seconds
text         Prompt string to display

ERRORLEVEL is set to offset of key user presses in choices.


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 command.com    COMMAND.COM (really an .EXE)
--------
Starts a new copy of the Windows Command Interpreter.

COMMAND [[drive:]path] [device] [/E:nnnnn] [/L:nnnn] [/U:nnn] [/P] [/MSG]
                       [/LOW] [/Y [/[C|K] command]]
 [drive:]path   Specifies the directory containing COMMAND.COM.
  device        Specifies the device to use for command input and output.
  /E:nnnnn      Sets the initial environment size to nnnnn bytes.
                (nnnnn should be between 256 and 32,768).
  /L:nnnn       Specifies internal buffers length (requires /P as well).
                (nnnn should be between 128 and 1,024).
  /U:nnn        Specifies the input buffer length (requires /P as well).
                (nnn should be between 128 and 255).
  /P            Makes the new Command Interpreter permanent (can't exit).
  /MSG          Stores all error messages in memory (requires /P as well).
  /LOW          Forces COMMAND to keep its resident data in low memory.
  /Y            Steps through the batch program specified by /C or /K.
  /C command    Executes the specified command and returns.
  /K command    Executes the specified command and continues running.


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   debug.exe    More Info here: DEBUG
--------
Runs Debug, a program testing and editing tool.

DEBUG [[drive:][path]filename [testfile-parameters]]

  [drive:][path]filename  Specifies the file you want to test.
  testfile-parameters     Specifies command-line information required by
                          the file you want to test.

After Debug starts, type ? to display a list of debugging commands.


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 deltree.exe      Delete Tree (all files)
--------
Deletes a directory and all the subdirectories and files in it.

To delete one or more files and directories:
DELTREE [/Y] [drive:]path [[drive:]path[...]]

  /Y              Suppresses prompting to confirm you want to delete
                  the subdirectory.
  [drive:]path    Specifies the name of the directory you want to delete.

Note: Use DELTREE cautiously. Every file and subdirectory within the
specified directory will be deleted.


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diskcopy.com      Copy Floppy Disks
--------
Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another.

DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/V] [/M]

  /1   Copies only the first side of the disk.
  /V   Verifies that the information is copied correctly.
  /M   Force multi-pass copy using memory only.

The two floppy disks must be the same type.
You may specify the same drive for drive1 and drive2.


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  doskey.com
--------
Edits command lines, recalls command lines, and creates macros

DOSKEY [/switch ...] [macroname=[text]]

  /BUFSIZE:size Sets size of macro and command buffer        (default:512)
  /ECHO:on|off  Enables/disables echo of macro expansions     (default:on)
  /FILE:file    Specifies file containing a list of macros
  /HISTORY      Displays all commands stored in memory
  /INSERT       Inserts new characters into line when typing
  /KEYSIZE:size Sets size of keyboard type-ahead buffer       (default:15)
  /LINE:size    Sets maximum size of line edit buffer        (default:128)
  /MACROS       Displays all DOSKey macros
  /OVERSTRIKE   Overwrites new characters onto line when typing  (default)
  /REINSTALL    Installs a new copy of DOSKey
  macroname     Specifies a name for a macro you create
  text          Specifies commands you want to assign to the macro

  UP,DOWN arrows recall commands
      Esc clears current command
       F7 displays command history
   Alt+F7 clears command history
[chars]F8 searches for command beginning with [chars]
       F9 selects a command by number
  Alt+F10 clears macro definitions

The following are special codes you can use in DOSKey macro definitions:

  $T     Command separator: allows multiple commands in a macro.

  $1-$9  Batch parameters: equivalent to %1-%9 in batch programs.

  $*     Symbol replaced by everything following macro name on the
         command line.


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    edit.com
--------
MS-DOS Editor   Version 2.0.026

EDIT [/B] [/H] [/R] [/S] [/] [/?] [file(s)]

  /B       - Forces monochrome mode.

  /H       - Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your
             hardware.

  /R       - Load file(s) in read-only mode.

  /S       - Forces the use of short filenames.

  /   - Load binary file(s), wrapping lines to  characters
             wide.
  /?       - Displays this help screen.

  [file]   - Specifies initial files(s) to load.  Wildcards and
             multiple filespecs can be given.


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 extract.exe    (Microsoft .CAB files)
--------
Microsoft (R) Diamond Extraction Tool - Version (16) 1.00.0602 (07/14/97)

EXTRACT [/Y] [/A] [/D | /E] [/L dir] cabinet [filename ...]
EXTRACT [/Y] source [newname]
EXTRACT [/Y] /C source destination

  cabinet  - Cabinet file (contains two or more files).
  filename - Name of the file to extract from the cabinet.
             Wild cards and multiple filenames (separated by
             blanks) may be used.

  source   - Compressed file (a cabinet with only one file).
  newname  - New filename to give the extracted file.
             If not supplied, the original name is used.

  /A         Process ALL cabinets.  Follows cabinet chain
             starting in first cabinet mentioned.
  /C         Copy source file to destination (to copy from DMF disks).
  /D         Display cabinet directory (use with filename to avoid
             extract).
  /E         Extract (use instead of *.* to extract all files).
  /L dir     Location to place extracted files (default is current
             directory).
  /Y         Do not prompt before overwriting an existing file.


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      fc.exe      File Compare
--------
Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between
them.

FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:][path1]filename1
  [drive2:][path2]filename2
FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2

  /A     Displays only first and last lines for each set of differences.
  /B     Performs a binary comparison.
  /C     Disregards the case of letters.
  /L     Compares files as ASCII text.
  /LBn   Sets the maximum consecutive mismatches to the specified number
         of lines.
  /N     Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison.
  /T     Does not expand tabs to spaces.
  /W     Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for comparison.
  /nnnn  Specifies the number of consecutive lines that must match after
         a mismatch.


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   fdisk.exe   Partition (Hard) Disks
--------
Configures a hard disk for use with MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/2000.

FDISK [/STATUS] /X

  /STATUS   Displays partition information.
  /X        Ignores extended disk-access support. Use this switch if
            you receive disk access or stack overflow messages.


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    find.exe
--------
Searches for a text string in a file or files.

FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]

  /V        Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
  /C        Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
  /N        Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
  /I        Ignores the case of characters when searching for the
            string.
  "string"  Specifies the text string to find.
  [drive:][path]filename
            Specifies a file or files to search.

 If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the
 prompt or piped from another command.


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  format.com
--------
Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS.

FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/F:size] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] [/C]
FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] [/C]

  /V[:label]  Specifies the volume label.
  /Q          Performs a quick format.
  /F:size     Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such
              as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88).
  /B          Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files.
  /S          Copies system files to the formatted disk.
  /T:tracks   Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
  /N:sectors  Specifies the number of sectors per track.
  /1          Formats a single side of a floppy disk.
  /4          Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density
              drive.
  /8          Formats eight sectors per track.
  /C          Tests clusters that are currently marked "bad."


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    keyb.com
--------
Configures a keyboard for a specific language.

KEYB [xx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]] [/E] [/ID:nnn]

  xx                 Specifies a two-letter keyboard code.
  yyy                Specifies the code page for the character set.

  [drive:][path]filename  Specifies the keyboard definition file.

  /E                 Specifies that an enhanced keyboard is installed.
  /ID:nnn            Specifies the keyboard in use.


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   label.exe
--------
Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk.

LABEL [drive:][label]


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     mem.exe             Memory
--------
Displays the amount of used and free memory in your system.

MEM [/CLASSIFY | /DEBUG | /FREE | /MODULE modulename] [/PAGE]

  /CLASSIFY or /C  Classifies programs by memory usage. Lists the size
                   of programs, provides a summary of memory in use,
                   and lists largest memory block available.

  /DEBUG or /D     Displays status of all modules in memory, internal
                   drivers, and other information.

  /FREE or /F      Displays information about the amount of free memory
                   left in both conventional and upper memory.

  /MODULE or /M    Displays a detailed listing of a module's memory use.
                   This option must be followed by the name of a module,
                   optionally separated from /M by a colon.

  /PAGE or /P      Pauses after each screenful of information.


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    mode.com
--------
Configures system devices.

Printer port:      MODE LPTn[:] [COLS=c] [LINES=l] [RETRY=r]
Serial port:       MODE COMm[:] [BAUD=b] [PARITY=p] [DATA=d] [STOP=s] 
                                [RETRY=r]
Device Status:     MODE [device] [/STATUS]
Redirect printing: MODE LPTn[:]=COMm[:]
Prepare code page: MODE device CP PREPARE=((yyy[...]) 
                                               [drive:][path]filename)
Select code page:  MODE device CP SELECT=yyy
Refresh code page: MODE device CP REFRESH
Code page status:  MODE device CP [/STATUS]
Display mode:      MODE [display-adapter][,n]
                   MODE CON[:] [COLS=c] [LINES=n]
Typematic rate:    MODE CON[:] [RATE=r DELAY=d]


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    more.com
--------
Displays output one screen at a time.

MORE [drive:][path]filename
MORE < [drive:][path]filename
command-name | MORE [drive:][path][filename]

  [drive:][path]filename  Specifies file(s) to display one screen at
                          a time.
  command-name            Specifies a command whose output will be
                          displayed.


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  mscdex.exe        CD-ROM Program
--------
Allows MS-DOS to communicate with CD-ROM drives. (Note: A 'driver'
program for the specific type of CD-ROM drive must be installed
first -- usually listed in the machine's CONFIG.SYS file.)

Usage: MSCDEX [/E/K/S/V] [/D: ... ] [/L:] [/M:]


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 nlsfunc.exe
--------
Loads country-specific information.

NLSFUNC [[drive:][path]filename]

  [drive:][path]filename   Specifies the file containing
                           country-specific information.


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  qbasic.exe      Quick-Basic Interpreter
--------
Starts the MS-DOS QBasic programming environment.

QBASIC [/B] [/EDITOR] [/G] [/H] [/MBF] [/NOHI] 
                                       [[/RUN] [drive:][path]filename]

  /B          Allows use of a monochrome monitor with a color graphics
              card.

  /EDITOR     Starts the MS-DOS Editor.

  /G          Provides the fastest update of a CGA screen.

  /H          Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your
              hardware.

  /MBF        Converts the built-in functions MKS$, MKD$, CVS, and CVD
              to MKSMBF$, MKDMBF$, CVSMBF, and CVDMBF, respectively.

  /NOHI       Allows the use of a monitor without high-intensity support.

  /RUN        Runs the specified Basic program before displaying it.

  [[drive:][path]filename] Specifies the program file to load or run.


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scandisk.exe
--------
SCANDISK [drive:] [/a] [/n] [/p]

drive:	to specify the drive(s) you want to check.

/a	to check all your local, nonremovable hard disks.

/n	to start and close ScanDisk automatically.

/p	to prevent ScanDisk from correcting any errors it finds.

Examples:
========
To check drive D and start and close ScanDisk automatically, the
following command might be used:

      c:\windows\scandisk.exe d: /n

To check all nonremovable hard disks but prevent ScanDisk from
correcting any errors it finds, this command could be used:

      c:\windows\scandisk.exe /a /p


[NOTE: Scandskw.exe is the WINDOWS 9x/Me version of the DOS7
       ScanDisk.]

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    sort.exe
--------
Sorts input and writes results to the screen, a file, or another device.

SORT [/R] [/+n] [[drive1:][path1]filename1] [> [drive2:][path2]filename2]
[command |] SORT [/R] [/+n] [> [drive2:][path2]filename2]

  /R                         Reverses the sort order; that is, sorts
                             Z to A, then 9 to 0.
  /+n                        Sorts the file according to characters in
                             column n.
  [drive1:][path1]filename1  Specifies file(s) to be sorted.
  [drive2:][path2]filename2  Specifies a file where the sorted input is
                             to be stored.
  command                    Specifies a command whose output is to be
                             sorted.


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   start.exe      Start (Windows Program)
--------
Runs a Windows program or an MS-DOS program.

START [options] program [arg...]
START [options] document.ext

/m[inimized] Run the new program minimized (in the background).

/max[imized] Run the new program maximized (in the foreground).

/r[estored]  Run the new program restored (in the foreground).
             [This is the default.]

/w[ait]      Does not return until the other program exits.


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   subst.exe         Substitute
--------
Associates a path with a drive letter.

SUBST [drive1: [drive2:]path]
SUBST drive1: /D

  drive1:        Specifies a virtual drive to which you want to assign
                   a path.
  [drive2:]path  Specifies a physical drive and path you want to assign
                   to a virtual drive.
  /D             Deletes a substituted (virtual) drive.

Type SUBST with no parameters to display a list of current virtual
  drives.


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     sys.com      (Copy) System Files
--------
Copies MS-DOS system files and command interpreter to a disk you specify.

SYS [drive1:][path] drive2:

  [drive1:][path] Specifies the location of the system files.
   drive2:        Specifies the drive the files are to be copied to.


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   xcopy.exe
--------
Copies files and directory trees.

XCOPY source [destination] [/A | /M] [/D[:date]] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/W]
                           [/C] [/I] [/Q] [/F] [/L] [/H] [/R] [/T] [/U]
                           [/K] [/N]

 source       Specifies the file(s) to copy.
 destination  Specifies the location and/or name of new files.

 /A           Copies files with the archive attribute set,
                doesn't change the attribute.
 /M           Copies files with the archive attribute set,
                turns off the archive attribute.
 /D:date      Copies files changed on or after the specified date.
                If no date is given, copies only those files whose
                source time is newer than the destination time.
 /P           Prompts you before creating each destination file.
 /S           Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones.
 /E           Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty
                ones.  Same as /S /E.  May be used to modify /T.
 /W           Prompts you to press a key before copying.
 /C           Continues copying even if errors occur.
 /I           If destination does not exist and copying more than one
                file, assumes that destination must be a directory.
 /Q           Does not display file names while copying.
 /F           Displays full source and destination file names while
                copying.
 /L           Displays files that would be copied.
 /H           Copies hidden and system files also.
 /R           Overwrites read-only files.
 /T           Creates directory structure, but does not copy files.
                Does not include empty directories or subdirectories.
              (/T /E includes empty directories and subdirectories.)

 /U           Updates the files that already exist in destination.
 /K           Copies attributes. Normal Xcopy will reset read-only
                attributes.
 /Y           Overwrites existing files without prompting.
 /-Y          Prompts you before overwriting existing files.
 /N           Copy using the generated short names.

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 xcopy32.exe
--------
Copies files and directory trees.

XCOPY source [destination] [/A | /M] [/D[:date]] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/W]
                           [/C] [/I] [/Q] [/F] [/L] [/H] [/R] [/T] [/U]
                           [/K] [/N]

 source       Specifies the file(s) to copy.
 destination  Specifies the location and/or name of new files.

 /A           Copies files with the archive attribute set,
                doesn't change the attribute.
 /M           Copies files with the archive attribute set,
                turns off the archive attribute.
 /D:date      Copies files changed on or after the specified date.
                If no date is given, copies only those files whose
                source time is newer than the destination time.
 /P           Prompts you before creating each destination file.
 /S           Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones.
 /E           Copies directories and subdirectories, including empty
                ones.  Same as /S /E.  May be used to modify /T.
 /W           Prompts you to press a key before copying.
 /C           Continues copying even if errors occur.
 /I           If destination does not exist and copying more than one
                file, assumes that destination must be a directory.
 /Q           Does not display file names while copying.
 /F           Displays full source and destination file names while
                copying.
 /L           Displays files that would be copied.
 /H           Copies hidden and system files also.
 /R           Overwrites read-only files.
 /T           Creates directory structure, but does not copy files.
                Does not include empty directories or subdirectories.
               ( /T /E includes empty directories and subdirectories.)

 /U           Updates the files that already exist in destination.
 /K           Copies attributes. Normal Xcopy will reset read-only
                attributes.
 /Y           Overwrites existing files without prompting.
 /-Y          Prompts you before overwriting existing files.
 /N           Copy using the generated short names.


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